International studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

International studies - Essay Example Organizations have now become global and they deal with customers from various regions and these customers speak different languages. Majoring in international studies will help me develop communication skills required to communicate with customers from different regions. It will even help me in developing proficiency in one of the various languages spoken throughout the world and this will enable me to specifically cater to the needs of customers that speak that particular language. Leaders in the organization need to understand their delegates who belong to different parts of the world and who think differently. Majoring in international studies will help me develop leadership skills required to understand my followers (Williams, 2013). This will help me in identifying the issues they are facing and I will be able to eliminate those issues which will positively impact the satisfaction levels of the employees. A satisfied workforce will help in increasing the productivity levels of the organization which will enhance my reputation as well as benefit the

British Post War Mass Housing Cultural Studies Essay

British Post War Mass Housing Cultural Studies Essay In this essay, I will focus primarily on housing constructed during the decade or so after the end of the Second World War as part of the progressive, experimental establishment of the Welfare State in Britain. Although housing was constructed speculatively by private developers on a fairly wide scale with varying degrees of success (Span schemes like New Ash Green in Kent, by Eric Lyons being an obvious and commonly cited success story), it is social housing which is linked most fascinatingly to the evolving socio-economic landscape in Britain, as I shall demonstrate. Housing provision by the end of the war, particularly in urban centres, was considered inadequate, not only in quantity, but in quality as well. War damage had impacted the quantity of housing stock, but additionally, much obsolete housing had been earmarked for demolition since before the war. Nicholas Taylor, writing in the AR in 1967, in a discussion of what he called the failure of housing in the postwar period, cites the negative [postwar] reaction to the boom towns of the industrial revolution as the reason for this. In particular, he says, [we] have aimed to prevent epidemic diseases cholera, dysentery, rickets, scurvy, typhoid, all diseases which were propagated by overcrowding, by bad sanitation, by inadequate facilities for the preparation of food and by the pollution of homes from adjoining factories. Clearly, a commitment to addressing these public health issues must be commended what I will be discussing is whether the attempt to do so through the medium of housing, and specifically social housing, can be considered successful. It is important to understand at the outset the politically progressive nature of housing policy in the period, embedded as it is in the establishment of the Welfare State, which is based on the principles of, equality of opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life.[1] Architecturally, the modernist desire expressed by Le Corbusier to provide an environment that was spiritually fulfilling, creating harmony between people and their surroundings and freeing communities from the misery of poor housing[2] was perfectly in sync with the prevailing political commitment to decisively break away from unsanitary, overcrowded slums. I propose to discuss a handful of iconic/ notorious case studies of 50s and 60s mass housing, as they excite passionately polarized opinion and act as symbols for the wider debate. The first is Park Hill in Sheffield, built in 1960, which according to the Architectural Review (in 2011) marked the peak performance of Sheffields city architects office as run by J.K. Lewis Womersley, regarded by [Nikolaus] Pevsner as an outfit of national importance.[3] This building proved popular with its residents, who loved their flats and soon formed an effective association. It was also much lauded in architectural circlesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Its size and hillside location made it the prime example of streets in the air nationally, and for a decade or so it thronged with international visitors.[4] However, decline set in as the ideal of equality was eroded [and] social housing became the ghetto of a suppressed underclass, and the more active, capable and employed were encouraged to buy themselves out, leaving the disadvantaged in possession. This is the key trend not only in this case, but across the country, and my desire is to understand whether this was a reflection on poor architecture, changes in society, or both. In the case of Park Hill, a recent initiative, privately funded by the developer Urban Splash, to redevelop the building, has provoked fresh debate over its merits. A blog on the Guardian website[5] on the subject exemplifies this. One poster expressed typical views (my italics): As a foreigner from Leeds who has lived in Sheffield for 30 years I can support those who report that the people of Sheffield did not want Park Hill kept, and were mystified by the listing and bemused by the amounts of money, some of it public money, being spent on this eyesore. The bright coloured panels are not an improvement. Anyone in Sheffield with the money to buy one of the penthouses would be much better advised to spend it in one of Sheffields leafy and affluent suburbs, of which we have many, which also often enjoy superb views, as Sheffield is very hilly. This poster neatly expresses a popular verdict on dense, large scale urban social housing projects of the period, in which as long ago as 1967, It [was] easier to count the few unbroken panes of armoured glass on the staircases than the multitude which are cracked and splintered, and where economy on materials and inadequacy of detailing can be assessed as objective weaknesses, but what is perhaps more importantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is the subjective hatred of the tenants for the rough shuttered concrete that is thrust upon them.[6] Descriptions of inhumane proportions, undefined wastes, and, above all, women return[ing] from the shops to be blown about amid the appalling dinginess of rough shuttered concrete[7] (my italics) crop up again and again in discussing schemes like Park Hill, Robin Hood Gardens, Red Road etc. The posters views on the preferability of leafy and affluent suburbs to dense urban apartment typology for those who can afford it also reflect a lingering psychological scar in the popular psyche left by the memory of the descent of estates like Park Hill from source[s] of intense municipal socialist pride to dilapidated sink estate[s][8], as though by their very nature they preclude the presence of a functional, prosperous community. Is this the case? If it is, how could surveys at Park Hill show that through the 1970s residents remained consistently loyal and generally happy.[9] What caused the slide of schemes like Park Hill into dysfunctionality? The homebuilding drive, founded on the vision of spiritually uplifting accommodation for all, continued but à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the vision was damaged by lack of reform in the 1960s. Rather than opening up [the] low cost-balanced rented sector to supply the needs of a more wealthy and mobile population, it narrowed to serve the restricted needs of welfare housing.[10] This was a key error, and precipitated a vicious circle of decline. The 60s was a period of economic optimism, in which comparative affluence was accessible to many more families than previously. An aspirational desire among those in social housing developed to graduate to home ownership. Very large council estates, tower blocks in the cities and restrictive letting policies contrasted with the variety of choices available for home ownership. From the 1960s, the welfare characteristic (residualisation) of council housing began to develop as a stigma from which home ownership was the natural escape.[11] The original dream of social housing as a living tapestry of a mixed community[12] was replaced instead by welfare housing, which established a low cost rented stock but created deep social problems and lost the affections of the electorate. A different political vision could have avoided this. Pre-war restrictions, limiting public housing to the working classes had been repealed in the 1949 Housing Act, opening up a universally accessible rented council house sector. If public housing had remained just that, rather than seguing into welfare housing, the vicious circle of decline would have lacked the conditions to come into being. The living tapestry of a mixed community could have remained. With Park Hill and its cousins populated as a matter of new policy increasingly by those on welfare, however, financial structures of dependency [were] deliberately imposed on social housing[13]. An alienated quality grew as residents of the schemes became increasingly cast adrift from mainstream society. A further strand to this narrative was playing out in the form of a shift in the structure of the economy in Britain. Sheffield grew up producing steel, in the 18th century knives and tools, in the 19th century heavy industry, with a high population of low paid but skilled manual workers. As the 1970s drew to an end and Thatcher came to power, the shift in policy away from provision of affordable social housing accelerated against a backdrop of an increasingly deindustrialized economy. The original inhabitants of the Park Hill and schemes like it, who had once been a proud working class, increasingly found themselves unemployed and without prospects of employment. It is certainly arguable that problems in residualized estates in decline, like Park Hill would have been exacerbated by the scale of social problems developing independently of housing policy. In the public imagination, then, the built fabric of the postwar years has not only become synonymous with social failure and breakdown, it is perceived as a cause of it. Failed buildings are pulled down, and it is easy to speculate that they are being made scapegoats for wider problems. Can an architectural defense be mounted for schemes like Park Hill, or Robin Hood Gardens? The latter is similar to the former a serpentine, high density block, this time inserted into an area of bomb damaged terraces (the standard grain of working class England) in London. What the Smithsons [architects] wanted to achieve was intended to maintain community dynamics [of the bombed out terraces] rather than to replace them with something entirely different. However, what they had not expected, as Kenneth Frampton pointed out in his book Modern Architecture, a Critical History, was that three principal features of the by-law street would be absent in their proposed blocks: first, the dynamics associated with dwellings on both sides of a street, secondly, the community life associated with the street at ground level, and thirdly, the backyard, which played a crucial role in by-law housing and the life of its communities. [14] Robin Hood Gardens, then, contained inherently flawed logic. But the flaws were shared by Park Hill, which prospered during a period when it wasnt handicapped by other factors. [Park Hill] is commonly described as the largest listed building in Europe and the largest listed brutalist or 60s building. In fact, says Owen Hatherley, its none of those things, with all those titles being taken by Londons Barbican estate: a place that, like Park Hill, is full of bare concrete, open space, urban density, walkways, social and the separation of pedestrian and car. One is a problem that apparently had to be solved; the other one of Londons most prestigious addresses. Why? The obvious reason is that one is council housing and the other, from the very start, was built as private housing. Accordingly, the Barbican has always been cleaned and cared for; Park Hill has been left to rot.[15] Physically, the Barbican is a close relative of a Park Hill, or a Robin Hood Gardens. Socially, though it bears more resemblance to Park Lane. This constitutes evidence against the argument that the decline into dysfunction of large, dense postwar urban social housing developments was an inevitable consequence of poor design. Further support from this position comes from a comparison between Park Hill and many of todays luxury apartment developments. Park Hill was accused of being disconnected from the surrounding fabric, isolating its inhabitants from the life of the city at large but what of the urban regeneration of the last few years in the light of the financial crisis? What do the speculative redevelopments of inner cities look like now? They have become the new ruins of Great Britain. These places have ruination in abundance: partly because of the way they were invariably surrounded by the derelict and un-regenerated, whether rotting industrial remnants or the giant retail and entertainment sheds of the 80s and 90s; partly because they were often so badly built, with pieces of render and wood frequently flaking off within less than a year of completion; but partly because they were so often empty, in every sense. Empty of architectural inspiration, empty of social hope or idealism, and often empty of people, Clarence Dock and Glasgow Harbour had a hard time filling their minimalist microflats with either buyers or buy-to-let investors.[16] We can begin to see that although marketed and branded differently, contemporary developer led, aspirational urban regeneration, may in fact suffer from similar or worse problems relating to its context as the maligned social schemes of the postwar period. Think of Glasgow Harbour, stranded by the Clyde and cut off from the city by the Clydeside Expressway. Worse, analysis of the flats themselves reveals a shocking inferiority in terms of space standards in contemporary developments compared to the 60s schemes. The logic was straightforward says the Architectural Review in its analysis of Park Hills original planning principles: a slab block up to 13 stories high and about 10m wide would permit a habitable room each side and centrally serviced bathrooms, while gallery access was preferred to a double loaded corridor. By making maisonettes with internal staircases it was possible for one gallery to serve 3 floors. Greatest design ingenuity went into planning interlocking flats of different sizes, making best use of the limited spaceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. [space standards] now seem generous, in relation to the products of mass house builders[17]. This, they note, is still valid logic if you accept the inevitability of flats for high densities in urban situations, as exist in cities worldwide. Even much admired contemporary schemes, like the Panter Hudspith development at Bear Lane in London, feature double loaded internal deck access, permitting only single aspect flats, with cramped accommodation yet their skin is considered attractive, and they are praised, despite inferior circulation and planning principles. Before concluding, I wish to note that whilst I have tried to demonstrate that it is impossible to blame the general failure of British postwar social housing on its architecture, there is still a world of difference in quality between the Red Road scheme, for example, and a Lasdun or Lubetkin scheme. Lasdun, even within tight budgetary constraints and a density target set by the local council of 200 people per square acre, managed to apply intelligence and subtlety to his designs for Keeling House, Bethnal Green in 1958 for example: the scale of the 14 floors was purposely designed to reflect the two storey brick terraces around it, essentially like a row of houses tipped up on its end.[18] This is architecture as we are taught it thoughtful, embedded in context. We should remember as well that Park Hill is no simple monolith inserted carelessly into Sheffield ­. Its very form is a response to specific topography, with its well known horizontal roof datum capping a 13 storey str ucture at the bottom of the hill and nuzzling into a street of Victorian villas at four storeys at the top. In conclusion, there is never an excuse for bad design although the fact that mass social housing in Britain ultimately failed is, in the end, not due to design at all, but to policy.

Roll Of Thunder, Hear My Cry Essay -- essays research papers

"Jeremy Simms & TJ Avery are two relativly minor characters in the story ROTHMC. However, they both reinforce the themes." Discuss Aprox 1000 words There are many important Themes in the novel, Roll of Thunder, Hear my Cry. These themes include: racial prejudice, loyalty, honesty, friendship, personal integrity and respect for others. Although Jeremy Simms and TJ Avery are fairly minor people in the book, their characters are used to inforce and strengthen the themes of the novel. We first meet TJ Avery when Cassie, Stacey, Little Man and Christopher-John are walking to school. Right from the very start we find out that none of them actually likes TJ, except for Stacey. The reader sees that he is a liar, a cheat and a coward. He is ashamed of being black and he lets the Logan family down in many ways throughout the novel. One of the ways that he lets them down is when he gets Miz Logan fired. He went up to the store and told Kaleb Wallace that Miz Logan failed him on purpose and that she was destroying school property. “...I got fired...Harlen Granger came to the school with Kaleb Wallace and one of the school board members. Somebody told them about those books I’d pasted over...but that was only an excuse.'; (Pg 151) This highlights some of the themes by TJ’s total lack of loyalty and personal integrity. One of TJ’s biggest mistakes in the book is befriending two white boys, R.W. and Melvin Simms (Jeremy’s brothers). He thinks they are his friends and he doesn’t know that they are just using him. By hanging around with these two he ends up getting himself in a lot of trouble. They talk him into stealing the ‘pearl-handled pistol’ from the Barnett’s store. “R.W. broke the lock off the gun case with an axe and gave TJ the much-longed- for gun.'; But it goes terribly wrong and TJ wants out, R.W. and Melvin force him to stay. “...R.W. whopped Mr Barnett solidly on the head from behind with the flat of the axe...Mrs Barnett dashed across the room and flailed into R.W....Trying to escape &n... ...bsp;“‘Thanks Jeremy, it’s real nice’, Stacey said. ..... As Jeremy reached the door, I cried After him, ‘Merry Christmas, Jeremy!’ He looked back and smiled shyly. ‘Merry Christmas to y’all too.’'; Although Jeremy would make a much better friend than Stacey, Mr Logan doesn’t want Stacey to get too friendly with Jeremy. “‘...Right now you and Jeremy might get along fine but, in a few years he’ll think of himself as a man and you’ll still be a boy to him...’'; (Pg 129) Its rather ironic really, Jeremy is a white boy who wants to be black and TJ is a black boy who wants to be white. Although they are both minor characters in the novel, they help to inforce the themes. Jeremy shows this by possesing all the good characteristics, while TJ reinforces the themes by being the complete opposite to Jeremy. Roll Of Thunder, Hear My Cry Essay -- essays research papers "Jeremy Simms & TJ Avery are two relativly minor characters in the story ROTHMC. However, they both reinforce the themes." Discuss Aprox 1000 words There are many important Themes in the novel, Roll of Thunder, Hear my Cry. These themes include: racial prejudice, loyalty, honesty, friendship, personal integrity and respect for others. Although Jeremy Simms and TJ Avery are fairly minor people in the book, their characters are used to inforce and strengthen the themes of the novel. We first meet TJ Avery when Cassie, Stacey, Little Man and Christopher-John are walking to school. Right from the very start we find out that none of them actually likes TJ, except for Stacey. The reader sees that he is a liar, a cheat and a coward. He is ashamed of being black and he lets the Logan family down in many ways throughout the novel. One of the ways that he lets them down is when he gets Miz Logan fired. He went up to the store and told Kaleb Wallace that Miz Logan failed him on purpose and that she was destroying school property. “...I got fired...Harlen Granger came to the school with Kaleb Wallace and one of the school board members. Somebody told them about those books I’d pasted over...but that was only an excuse.'; (Pg 151) This highlights some of the themes by TJ’s total lack of loyalty and personal integrity. One of TJ’s biggest mistakes in the book is befriending two white boys, R.W. and Melvin Simms (Jeremy’s brothers). He thinks they are his friends and he doesn’t know that they are just using him. By hanging around with these two he ends up getting himself in a lot of trouble. They talk him into stealing the ‘pearl-handled pistol’ from the Barnett’s store. “R.W. broke the lock off the gun case with an axe and gave TJ the much-longed- for gun.'; But it goes terribly wrong and TJ wants out, R.W. and Melvin force him to stay. “...R.W. whopped Mr Barnett solidly on the head from behind with the flat of the axe...Mrs Barnett dashed across the room and flailed into R.W....Trying to escape &n... ...bsp;“‘Thanks Jeremy, it’s real nice’, Stacey said. ..... As Jeremy reached the door, I cried After him, ‘Merry Christmas, Jeremy!’ He looked back and smiled shyly. ‘Merry Christmas to y’all too.’'; Although Jeremy would make a much better friend than Stacey, Mr Logan doesn’t want Stacey to get too friendly with Jeremy. “‘...Right now you and Jeremy might get along fine but, in a few years he’ll think of himself as a man and you’ll still be a boy to him...’'; (Pg 129) Its rather ironic really, Jeremy is a white boy who wants to be black and TJ is a black boy who wants to be white. Although they are both minor characters in the novel, they help to inforce the themes. Jeremy shows this by possesing all the good characteristics, while TJ reinforces the themes by being the complete opposite to Jeremy.

Case study snyder v phelps Essay

Snyder v. Phelps (2011) Fred Phelps, the pastor at the Westboro Church, along with his followers believes that God punishes the US for allowing homosexuality freedoms, especially within the military. To express their feelings the Westboro Church and its people sometimes picket military funerals in hopes that their voices will be heard. In 2006 Albert Snyder’s son who was a Lance Corporal for the United States Marine Corps was killed in the line of the duty during his time in Iraq. Matthew Snyder was killed in Anbar, Iraq when he was the gunner on a Humvee that ended up rolling after hitting something. The Westboro Church decided that they would picket Matthew Snyder’s funeral, notifying the sanction holding the funeral in advance what they planned on doing. When the Westboro Church and its followers arrived to picket this funeral they made sure to stage the picket on public land that was adjacent to a public street. Making sure that they didn’t violate any written laws they also made sure to abide by anything that was appointed to them by the police taking care of the funeral. The Church members stood outside this church during the funeral reciting different hymns and verses from the Bible. Albert Snyder wasn’t aware of what the signs said until after the whole funeral took place, claiming that he could â€Å"really only see the tops and couldn’t make out what they actually said. † Following the funeral, Snyder noticed on the news that the signs some gruesome stuff such as, â€Å"God Hates the USAI Thank God for 9/1 1,† â€Å"Thank God for Dead Soldiers,† and â€Å"Don’t Pray for the USA. † Snyder decided that he would then sue Fred Phelps, claiming that the picketing aused him and his family severe emotional distress. In his defense, Phelps argued that everything that took place that day was completely legal under the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution. The main issue that this case faced legally, was whether Westboro’s signs and comments while picketing Matthew Snyder’s funeral related to matters of â€Å"public concern† and in turn, decide whether there is too much protection under the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment. The Supreme Court made it clear that they were only going to determine this ruling ased on â€Å"matters of public concern† as opposed to â€Å"matters of purely private significance. The Supreme Court affirmed that the picketing amounted to speech on issues that are public; they felt as if one of the main things that the First Amendment covers is the right to picket based upon public issues. The Court felt as if although the signs that were used â€Å"may fall short of refined social or political commentary, the is sues they highlight – the political and moral conduct of the United States and its citizens, the fate of our Nation, homosexuality in the military, and scandals involving he Catholic clergy – are all matters of public import. Albert Snyder realized all of the protection under the First Amendment but he claimed in rebuttal that that picketing was intended to shape an attack on Snyder over a rather private matter. Although the Supreme Court realized that Snyder had a strong claim at the time because of the circumstances that were evident, at the same time they must also hold to the law which noted that Maryland did not have a law imposing any types of restrictions on standpoint, the Supreme Court decided that Fred Phelps and his followers were in all f their legal rights to picket that funeral. The Court expressed their acknowledgment of the picketing of a US Soldier’s funeral and the idea that many Americans would feel as if the Westboro Church was â€Å"morally defective†, but it rejected those factors as means for any type of lawsuit that could be tendered to the church. Though a Jury ended up awarding the family of Lance Corporal Matthew Snyder millions of dollars, the US Supreme Court upheld the circuit court’s dismissal of the verdict over unruly circumstances. Freedom of speech is something that is considered one of the reatest things available by both sides of the political lanes. Both Conservatives and Liberals strongly believe in freedom of speech, but it is Liberals that are more likely to take the realm of expressing themselves publically. Liberals take pride in the idea of the â€Å"political left†, which basically outlines their devotion to America’s First Amendment the right to free speech. Although it is usually Liberals that we see voicing their opinion publically, the Westboro Church is overall a Conservative group because of what they stand for. Most people including the media portray and roclaim that the Westboro Church is a Liberal party but when you dig deeper you start to notice that isn’t really the case. The Westboro Church has many things in common with those that claim to be Conservative; â€Å"both are against marriage equality, both are for the replacement of constitutional government with religious dogma of their particular form of Christianity, both are for the reduction of the rights of minorities and women, and both are for getting rid of reproductive rights and family planning. † The case of Snyder v. Phelps places before us a choice where we ust decide between the ethical values of basic respect versus the legal right of the First Amendment, freedom of speech. From an ethical perspective, it is easy to decide this case based upon the ideas that we adopted over time that all in all became a social norm. The ethical value of respect at a funeral will easily make someone choose the side of Snyder’s in this case Just because over time we have established that funerals are meant to mourn and to pay respect to not only the fallen but also the family of that person. Although it may be interpreted that the reason that the Westboro Church chose to take action the way that they did was because it was necessary to get their point across, ethically it is frowned upon because of how we know funerals are supposed to take place. The Westboro Church had many options to establish the point that they were trying to get across such as the newspaper, TV, or the radio, but instead they chose to do it at a US Marine’s funeral which ended up working in their favor gaining them national recognition. Potter Stewart, a once US Justice wrote with regards to Ethics that, â€Å"Ethics is knowing the difference between hat you have a right to do and what is right to do. This quote explains the complete ethical aspect of this case because it describes how legally, the Westboro Church had every right to do what they did that day but ethically they were in the wrong intruding on the privacy of a grieving family at a funeral service less than 300 feet away. While the Justices made it clear that they understood where Al bert Snyder and his family were coming from, they also stood firm with the idea that the Westboro Church was practicing the First Amendment which allows the freedom of speech to he public. One of the Justices following the court case described the entire case as powerful. It can stir people to action, move them to tears of both Joy and sorrow, and as it did here inflict great pain. On the facts before us, we cannot react to that pain by punishing the speaker. As a nation we have chosen a different course to protect even hurtful speech on public issues to ensure that we do not stifle public debate. The problem that is now faced upon America after the ruling that the Westboro Church did nothing wrong is, how much is too much in regards to â€Å"a few† igns becoming too many? Would enough signs have changed the nature of the content of Westboro’s message towards the Snyder family? The effect of this case on the public is something that isn’t necessarily brought up but it is evident in many places because you have to realize that the public mainly sees this as a case of a family being stripped of what they believe should be a quiet and peaceful funeral . With the ruling ending the way it does it has the public wondering how far the First Amendment freedom of speech can really get you and the fine print behind our US Constitution. Overall, the US Supreme Court case touches many aspects whether it is ethically, legally, politically, or socially. It is hard for most ethically driven people to accept the fact that the Westboro Church not only got no penalty for what they did at Matthew Snyder’s funeral, but they also received no further details about stopping the picketing of funerals. In regards to legal aspects, this case set in stone that the First Amendment freedom of speech allows for not only speech that is accepted ethically but any type of speech that strays away from a personal attack. In most of he public’s opinion the Westboro Church was in the wrong that day for not allowing a grieving family time to privately mourn the loss of a family member but although what they did was frowned upon they stayed within their legal rights which forces the court to drop their case. Although Albert Snyder lost this case his family was awarded millions of dollars and they also received support of the majority of the public against the Westboro Church and their actions not only that day, but in the future. Snyder left the courtroom after the ruling with not complete satisfaction but rust that his point was spread across America which was to notify them of what the Westboro Church does and what they caused not only himself, but his family.

Elements of a Contract Scenario Essay

1. Jack has to decide whether to engage an attorney. What would you advise? I would advise jack not to engage an attorney in the case. First, the fact that the old woman who sold the china shows signs of Alzheimer is enough to nullify the contract. A person can only get into contract if they are understand the terms and are considered to be competent. A person engaging in a contract should be able to understand all the ramifications, something which the old woman might not have understood (Chen-Wishart 41). Moreover, she sold the china at a very low price when compared to its value, and this is evidence enough that she did not understand what the china’s really value is and these might be signs of the disease. 2. Was there a valid contract when Jack purchased the china for $150.00. Why or why not? Did Jack’s superior knowledge prevent formation of a contract? How might the widow’s age or possible medical condition affect contract formation There was a valid contract during the time of sale because the two parties agreed on the price and the payment was done. Nevertheless, the contract can be easily reversed on the basis that one of the parties was incapacitated to engage in any legal agreement. Initially, jack did not have knowledge on the condition of the woman, but this is not evidence enough for him to win the case (Cibinic et al 62). The widow’s age should however have been enough alarm to show him that she did not have knowledge regarding the value of the product. As a result, jack should not have taken this to his advantage and bought the china at a price which was very low. Moreover, he should have accepted the initial offer made by her daughter, since this would have been profitable for him instead of engaging in a law suit. 3. What is the likelihood that the daughter’s suit will succeed? State your reasons. Is contract rescission a potential remedy? Why or why not? Is an award of monetary damages an adequate remedy? Why or why not? There is a likelihood that the daughters suit will succeed, based on the facts of the case. First, one of the parties was incapacitated to engage in a contract, and this meant that there was no recognizable contract. Moreover, the value of the china  indicates that jack has taken the woman’s condition to his advantage and gave a price which was very low (Dawson 73). Contract rescission would be the possible remedy in this case, because the woman had willingly sold the china at a throw away price, and just like any other business man jack would not have refused to purchase it. Awarding the monetary damages is however not a possible remedy because there was no criminal act entailed in the contract, and jack did not have prior knowledge of the woman’s condition. Works Cited Chen-Wishart, Mindy. Contract Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. Print. Cibinic, John, Ralph C. Nash, and James F. Nagle. Administration of Government Contracts. Washington, D C: George Washington University, National Law Center, Government Contracts Program, 2006. Print. Dawson, John P. Cases on Rescission of Contracts and Restitution at Law and in Equity. Ann Arbor, Mich: Brumfield & Brumfield, 1934. Print.

Outline Note Taking. Make Studying Easier

Outline Note Taking. Make Studying Easier It’s easy to reach information-overload at college, especially when the professor talks too fast, or when you are doing final preparations for an exam. To make things tougher your brain needs time to file the information for remembering later. This all adds up to the need to organize the data right from the beginning. Outline note taking is one way to achieve this. Look Through a Practical Example Let’s assume you would like to summarize â€Å"outline note taking† as a possible examination question, in which case you might set it out in layers like this. Notice the main thoughts are down the left hand margin, with the lowest levels at the far right. Let’s use the same outline for the rest of this blog to help you get a feel and cement your understanding. Introduction to Outline Note Taking Outline note taking is a study method that uses an outline to logically structure a block of information, and make the details easier to retrieve from memory later. The data could come from a lecture, a tutorial, a textbook, or your own ideas as you get to grip with a topic. Making summary notes is as old as written history, for example the hieroglyphics on Inca and Egyptian pyramid walls. The ancients did not have space to write everything down so they created symbols for the key concepts. Outline note taking at college has a related purpose. There is so much information coming out of class you don’t have time to write it down. If you did, how would you find it in a box full of notebooks and scraps of paper? It makes so much more sense to jot down the teacher’s thoughts in a logical set of headings. That way, you can concentrate on what they are saying. Outline note taking is also a great way to summarize a chapter in a textbook so you get to see the bigger picture, and understand the overall message. How This Method Works Use a pencil and have an eraser handy because you are going to make changes throughout the process. You need to separate the main topic from the lower order ones. This is not always as easy as it seems. For example, the lecturer’s thinking may not be logical from your perspective, or the textbook chapter not directly related to your major. Most students put the key thoughts on the left and the minor ones to the right. This is entirely a matter of choice and you can do this the other way around or from top to bottom if you like. Whichever way you go it is important to use a separator between the words and phrases, so you know where one ends and the next one begins. I used a grid. Bullets, numbers, highlighter colors are equally good. Practical Application of Outline Note Taking Capturing key thoughts in the appropriate boxes is the secret to outline note taking that works. For example, if your teacher says, â€Å"Today we are going to discuss the political implications of the Civil War† you could outline it this way: There are no model answers. What works for you is right. As long as you are flexible, are not hogtied to an early idea and keep that eraser handy, you will do fine and get your mind around outline note taking soon. The words in the titles are incredibly important because they trigger your memory later of the details you are summarizing. If you are a history student, then ‘U.S. Civil War’ could be advisable. Which do you think is best: consequences, penalties or implications? This is not just semantics. Outline note taking is about words and their meanings. You may find it helpful to use ‘cue words’ as further memory triggers where the outline titles are broad. Here’s a worked example to illustrate what we mean. Again, these are just loose thoughts. Do you remember the definition earlier? Outline note taking is a study method that uses an outline to logically structure a block of information, and make the details easier to remember later. So next time you do your homework, try taking notes the outline way. See for yourself how useful that will be.

calculus differentiation essays

calculus differentiation essays Another way to consider the differentiation is to explain it using graphs. Some functions have curved graphs. In these curved graphs, when x is increased by a small number dx, y can be increased or decreased (depends on the type of the equation) by dy. If we suppose that the amount of increment dx is so small that the curved pattern is almost the same as a straight line, then the ratio of the dy and dx is the slope of the curve. Although we found the slope of the curve, technically we didnt find the slope of the entire curve. Because a curved pattern graph, the slope is changing constantly the slope we found is technically the slope of the curve at a specific point. At specific point if curve is sloping upward by 45 degree dy/dx is one, steeper than 45 degree greater than 1, less steep than 45 degree less than 1. Some curved graphs have a combination of positive and negative slopes and the point where the sign of slope changes is called local minimum or local maximum. Also using the technique to find the differentiation, we can also find the slopes of curves by just looking at the equation. We can also use the differentiation method to find when the y value reaches its maximum or minimum. Sometimes, when the maximum point or the minimum point, is a whole number it is easier to find the value. However, if the value is not the whole number it is much harder to find in a guess and check way. We can use the property from the last chapter to find out this value. Last chapter we learned that at maximum or minimum point the value of dy/dx equals 0. Therefore, if we know the equation of the function find the value of dy over dx which would be another equation contains x. Then set the latter equation equal to zero and solve for x. Then we can simply chug the x value to the original equation to find the y value. Then to determine whether the value is the minimum or the maximum, substitute a number very close to the x value and find y va...

All About Quotation Marks

All About Quotation Marks All About Quotation Marks All About Quotation Marks By Daniel Scocco Tie Sing Chie asks, â€Å"Whats the difference in terms of usage between the single quotation mark () and the double quotation mark ()?† Quotation marks are used mainly to quote speech, sentences or words. Both the single and the double quotation marks serve that purpose; the difference in their usage comes from geographical preferences. Traditionally, the double quotation mark was used in the United States while the single quotation mark was the preference inside the United Kingdom. Recently, though, some British pubblications started to adopt the American usage, which is becoming the de facto standard (see a quotation from The Guardian below). Notice that when you use nested quotations you should invert the quotation marks, for example: My mother said, John told me, I will not go there.' Quotation marks can also be used to express irony: Uncle Joe was really sad about it. The only point where there is a clear distinction between the American and the British styles is the usage of punctuation with the quotation marks. In American English commas and periods, even if not part of the quotation itself, need to be included inside the quotation marks. Cultists are camping out in front of Apple stores; bloggers call it the â€Å"Jesus phone.† (NY Times) In British English, on the other hand, the commas and periods will be included inside the quotation marks only if they were actually part of the quotation, otherwise they will go outside. Margaret Jay ruefully reflected that all Blairs considerable achievements would be terribly undermined, and probably fatally undermined, by what I think of as the tragedy of going into Iraq. (Guardian.co.uk) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:10 Grammar Mistakes You Should AvoidOne Sheep, Two Sheep, One Fish, Two Fish . . .Is Your Novel "Mystery," "Thriller," or "Suspense"?

Explication of a Poem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Explication of a Poem - Essay Example The main idea of the poem is that the poet sees night as freedom, not daytime, which is unconventional. arms wide In the face of the sun, Dance! Whirl! Whirl! Till the quick day is done. Rest at pale evening... A tall, slim tree... Night coming tenderly Black like me† (Hughes, 2010). The idea is that the narrator would like to whirl and spin in this kinesthetic manner, and is therefore crying out a wish that is in vain. The still image of the tree is a kinesthetic contrast to the dance. These very visual symbols also have metaphorical meaning in the poem as black people and white people. The idea is that the poet narrator is visually breaking through the conventions of using light and bright to mean good, and darkness to mean evil, and asking the reader to empathize with night. In terms of simile, as noted above, the narrator identifies themselves with night as well as a tree. â€Å"To fling my arms wide In some place of the sun, To whirl and to dance Till the white day is done. Then rest at cool evening Beneath a tall tree While night comes on gently, Dark like me- That is my dream!† (Hughes, 2010). The main simile is of the dark. as the sun and the night, or night and daytime. Langston Hughes answers the main question with more questions, because this is a Socratic method of seeking the answers. In terms of whether his views are political and societal, if one cannot say that the author has both intents, the result would be towards societal rather than political, since there are no names named, or parties advocated, in Hughes’ work. There were also other powerful societal critics, who did not explicitly involve politics in her writing, but instead pointed towards social concerns. There are many similarities and differences between the works. Overall, both hope to achieve the goal of societal critique. The most

Motivational interviewing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Motivational interviewing - Essay Example Asma’s case offers a practical example that motivational interview, which is client centered, assists the client to know her problems and develop appropriate solution to tackle the issues at hand. Motivational interviewing can be described as a client centered and directive style of counseling that is aimed at bringing behavioral change by assisting clients to explore, analyze and resolve difficult conditions. When compared to other types of counseling techniques, motivation interviewing is goal oriented and focuses directly on options that are available for behavioral change. The analysis and resolution of the difficult condition facing the client is the main focus of eliciting behavioral change (Longshore &Grills,2000). Motivational interviewing, which applies the trans-theoretical model of change, promotes behavioral change by terminating unhealthy behavior or adopting healthy behaviors through six stages of behavioral change. These are preparation, action, relapse, contemp lation, maintenance and pre- contemplation. Motivation to change is stimulated by the client and is not imposed by other people such as counselors. Other motivational approaches stress on persuasion, coercion, and constructive confrontation but unlike motivation interviewing, they fail to mobilize and identify the intrinsic values and goals that are essential to stimulate client’s behavioral change. In motivation intervention, a client’s readiness to change is a gradual product of interpersonal relationship and so a therapist should be responsive and highly attentive to the motivational signs of the client. In motivation interviewing, therapeutic relationship is like a partnership which is aimed at creating a positive environment for change (Miller &Rollnick,1991). Substance abuse has become a disturbing and dangerous contemporary trend that has affected the political, social and economic lives of people. Its implications are far fetching and many stakeholders have pro posed appropriate measures to curb it. One of the concrete measures of eradicating substance abuse and minimizing its effects is to assist people to change their attitudes and behaviors towards its use and develop habits that will deter them from using drugs. Motivation interviewing has become an essential tool of assisting people to minimize drug intake or stop the vice altogether (Block &Wulfert,2000). As a group, our role is to apply motivation interviewing principles in eradicating and minimizing the impact of substance abuse. The name of our client is Asma. Our group consists of four members, who work as a team in assisting substance abuse clients to come out of the condition through motivational interviewing. The members are Fadumo, Glyn, Sharon, and Perpetua. Fadumo played a key role by choosing an appropriate culture that the group would draw the client from. The culture chosen was Somali culture. Glyn managed to make appropriate arrangements for the meeting and later inform ed the members about it. Sharon managed to observe the interviewing environment, detected the mistakes for correction and recorded the interview. Perpetua was mandated with the role of managing issues involved with recording of the interview and communication issues such as managing email communication. The client approaches the group to assist her to stop taking substances. As

Aviation Argument Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Aviation Argument - Term Paper Example The White paper has a self-serving interpretation of the air traffic control outsourcing proposal. Indeed, the time for the outsourcing of the American air traffic control jobs is now. The outsourcing of the air traffic control job contains many issues. The research centers on the advantages of outsourcing. The research focuses on the White paper’s biased analysis of the outsourcing alterative. The time for outsourcing the air traffic control processes must not be delayed further. The privatization of ATC will improve current air traffic service. Ron Hira (2008) emphasized â€Å"Offshore outsourcing in the services sector is a major shift in how our economy operates, and it will have serious impacts on the trajectory of economic growth, national security, the distribution of income, and the workforce. These impacts will be both positive and negative. When the business owners and consultants who are moving jobs overseas claim that their actions will have a clear net positive, they are merely fortune telling†. In terms of air safety data shows that Canada’s air safety is better than the current United States air safety program. Canada outsources its air traffic control responsibilities. In addition, there is better safety statistics in United States airports run by private contractors (outsource companies) when compared to the air safety statistics of United States airports run by Federal Aviation Administration or FAA. In addition, Nav Canada complied with all requirements to effectively and efficiently control the landing and takeoff of planes with its airports. The Canada outsourcing companies cooperated with NORAD and Federal Aviation Administration by implementing high quality air traffic control operations. With privatization, there will be smoother and quicker implementation of advanced air traffic control technology, which is beyond the current FAA’s current slow modernization activities. Outsourcing

Enviroment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Enviroment - Assignment Example With that, there are a number of air pollution challenges that need to be taken into concern by all governments in the world so as to eliminate the chances of air pollution becoming tragic to life. First is the emission of smog and smoke from industries. Ozone smog is lethal when subjected to higher temperatures since it can cause severe health issues to humans. Some of the health issues include: severe asthma for individuals who already have the respiratory challenge, lung burn problems, eye irritations and throat damage. Smog has other adverse effects such as acidic rain due to the fact that it contains sulphur compounds. Acidic rain can be very dangerous to the existing water supplies. For example: If acidic rain would pour on earth; that means that the water we drink shall have higher quantities of sulphur- This is very dangerous to public health. In addition to that, acidic rain will cause damage to plant cover as well as organisms in the soil. In this case, human beings as well as animal life will be affected when they consume plant cover that has higher components of sulphur. Another effect of acidic rain is that it speeds up the decay process of objects that is comes into contact with. With those examples, it can be vividly stated that, smog and smoke air pollutions are very dangerous and both can cause a massive challenges to the existing human life, animal life and the earth. A second form of air pollution is through Green House Gases (GHG) such as: Carbon dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide and Fluorinated gases. Carbon dioxide is as a result of burning fossil fuels, the use of petroleum and natural gas. Methane originates from coal burning. Nitrous Dioxide originates from the use of fertilizers that have higher contents of nitrogen and other waste products. According to a 2011 report released by the U.S Greenhouse Emissions, it was revealed that the total emissions of carbon dioxide were 84%, Methane was 9%, Nitrous Oxide was 5% and Fluorinated gases we re 2%. In addition to that, the report revealed that electricity was the highest contributor of GHG emissions by a total of 33%; the transportation sector had a total of 28%, industries had 20%; commercial and residential sector had 11%; agricultural sector had 8% (EPA, â€Å"Overview of Green House Gases†). This report clearly indicated that GHG are still a challenge due to the reason that they are still emitted from the different sources. However, according to a comparison of GHG emissions from 2010 to 2012 it is clear that GHG emissions are slowly decreasing (EPA, â€Å"Trends in Greenhouse Gas Emissions†). The most intensifying risk about GHG is that they take hundreds or even thousands of years to be completely depleted from the atmosphere. With that, they are prone to affect human life in the long term. The challenge brought about by these gases is that they prevent the release of heat from the earth into the atmosphere – ozone layer. As a result, this cau ses the earth to retain too much heat thereby leading to the global warming effect. The global warming effect causes a change in global climate. That is; it causes warmer temperatures to be experienced in different parts of the world. As a result, these higher temperatures lead to water evaporation from the existing water supplies. In areas where the global warmin

The Burgelman Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Burgelman Case Study - Essay Example Surveys and exploratory studies are examples of descriptive research designs, which are more quantitative than qualitative and have more aspects of this type of theory. Quantitative studies tend to rely on hard data and statistics that can provide generalizable results about a population, whereas qualitative studies could be more of a case example or subjective viewpoint. Bergemann's case study states having a qualitative method in place: â€Å"A qualitative method was chosen as the best way to arrive at an encompassing view of ICV project development has a ten- to twelve-yeartime horizon (Biggadike, 1979), and a truly longitudinal study was thus beyond the available resources† (Burgelmann, 2009). In terms of statistics, the single case study is not very representative. Another disadvantage in reference to flexible designs could be their lack of scientific credibility when compared to fixed designs using inferential statistics, which Burgelmann addresses explicitly as a possib le drawback. Of course, it is fitting at this level of research for authors to be forward with possible limitations of the study; however, this admission does not make the study more statistically or empirically viable, just because of this admission.   #2 Since this is a qualitative study, it tends to focus more on theory forming, rather than theory testing.

Project 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project 2 - Essay Example Because of the ripple effect, the loss of jobs resulting in unemployed workers, reduces the overall dollar amount of discretionary income and this itself has other economic ramifications. United States workers often take action and lobby their congressmen to limit the amount of foreign imports and overseas production. If successful, the result may be tariffs or quotas or both. Tariffs are taxes on each item imported. Quotas set a limit on the number of items permitted to enter the country. Both cause the prices to rise because the foreign manufacturer raise the selling price in US markets. This in turn often causes Americans to purchase American products because of the lower price. This increases the demand for US products and the need for increased production. Free trade therefore exists within US borders to increase domestic levels of production and benefit the employees of those companies and the US economy overall. An added benefit passed on to the consumer is reasonable pricing for the items. In popularly held beliefs the American producers of wine (i.e. California vineries) would benefit from a large tariff on French and German wine because the tariff imposed on French and German exporters would be passed on to the consumers in the American market thus prohibiting them from buying them at such high prices. They would in turn buy more domestic wines compared to imports. Theoretically though, both would benefit because there are many wealthy American citizens willing to pay higher prices for imports because of the real or imagined perception that they are superior. It would require examination of the American markets to see if sales actually rise when such tariffs are imposed and a comparable examination of French and German companies to see if sales remain the same even though they are higher priced or if the added cost passed onto the consumer maintains the same level of profits. Protectionist trade barriers might not save American jobs or

The Burgelman Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Burgelman Case Study - Essay Example Surveys and exploratory studies are examples of descriptive research designs, which are more quantitative than qualitative and have more aspects of this type of theory. Quantitative studies tend to rely on hard data and statistics that can provide generalizable results about a population, whereas qualitative studies could be more of a case example or subjective viewpoint. Bergemann's case study states having a qualitative method in place: â€Å"A qualitative method was chosen as the best way to arrive at an encompassing view of ICV project development has a ten- to twelve-yeartime horizon (Biggadike, 1979), and a truly longitudinal study was thus beyond the available resources† (Burgelmann, 2009). In terms of statistics, the single case study is not very representative. Another disadvantage in reference to flexible designs could be their lack of scientific credibility when compared to fixed designs using inferential statistics, which Burgelmann addresses explicitly as a possib le drawback. Of course, it is fitting at this level of research for authors to be forward with possible limitations of the study; however, this admission does not make the study more statistically or empirically viable, just because of this admission.   #2 Since this is a qualitative study, it tends to focus more on theory forming, rather than theory testing.

The Importance of Maintaining a Valid Physical Therapy License Essay

The Importance of Maintaining a Valid Physical Therapy License - Essay Example The license renewal process thus ensures that the physical therapist has completed the required continuing education and, as a result, has access to the most current information and techniques available. Moreover, it is crucial that physical therapists maintain valid licenses so that the state can ensure that its physical therapy professionals are obliged to adhere to the ethical standards of the industry. Additionally, it is essential that physical therapists maintain their licenses for a variety of legal reasons. Physical therapy patients rely on their physical therapist to provide them with a certain standard of care. Often, physical therapy can provide a patient with the means to achieve a better quality of life. A patient needs to be able to trust in the qualifications of their physical therapist not only to help them reach the goals but also to make sure he does not further damage himself in the process. The physical therapy license provides this security for the patient, giving him the knowledge that this physical therapist is qualified to advise him. If a physical therapist allows his license to lapse, he is no longer certified to provide physical therapy services to patients and is accordingly not deserving of the patient's trust.

Public Health Disease Management of Tuberculosis

Public Health Disease Management of Tuberculosis This essay critically examines the effectiveness of policy frameworks and assessment tools in public health disease management of tuberculosis. The essay discusses the role of the community nurse and multidisciplinary teams in empowering individuals and populations in reducing health inequalities. The essay also explores the nursing and public health frameworks that assist in holistic assessment, planning implementation and the evaluation of care in the community, primary and public health sector. The essay also discusses how environmental, epidemiological and demographic data can influence policies and tackle the underlying social determinants of the health of populations. The essay also discusses strategies that enable the empowerment of individuals and groups, to make them responsible for their own health. The essay also identifies key issues emerging from the health and well-being of communities and discusses the impact that these will have on the role of the nurse and the multid isciplinary team. The main policy framework that has been put forward to combat tuberculosis is contained within the 2004 Department of Health document entitled Stopping tuberculosis in England: An Action Plan from the Chief Medical Officer, which outlines the goals of the programme, namely the long-term reduction and ultimately elimination of tuberculosis from England, with the immediate aims of reducing the risk of people being newly affected by tuberculosis, providing high quality treatment for all people living with tuberculosis and maintaining low levels of drug resistance to tuberculosis, through careful usage of antibiotics (DoH, 2004). This framework has dictated how health professionals treat cases of tuberculosis but has, in practical terms not stopped the drastic rise in tuberculosis in England: in 2002, for example, 6638 people were diagnosed with tuberculosis (DoH, 2004), whereas in 2005, the number of people infected by tuberculosis rose by 10.8% to 8113 (HPA, 2005; BBC, 2006), with the largest increases being in inner cities, particularly London (HPA, 2005; BBC, 2006). The public health management of tuberculosis includes: vaccinating uninfected at-risk groups; minimizing the chances of spreading the infection through minimizing contact of humans with cattle, for example; actively seeking infected individuals from within those groups most at risk; thoroughly investigating outbreaks of the disease when they occur; having appropriate measures in place to ensure that those with the disease do not infect health professionals; developing more rapid diagnostic techniques and creating an effective and easy-to-use national monitoring and surveillance system which functions within a legal framework (NICE, 2006). The spread of tuberculosis is not, seemingly, therefore being effectively managed as per the outlines in the policy framework in the 2004 Department of Health document entitled Stopping tuberculosis in England: An Action Plan from the Chief Medical Officer nor by the public health management schemes that are currently in place. Increases in tuberculosis are consistently most notable in the poorest sectors of the population (Bhatti et al., 1995), and for this reason, tuberculosis has been described, as it was historically, as a disease of the poor. There is, therefore, a massive socioeconomic influence over the spread of tuberculosis (Bhatti et al., 1995). Given this, then, it is important that the community nurses working in the ‘poorer’ sections of inner city areas are fully trained in how to diagnose, and how to best treat, tuberculosis, within the general framework as specified by the Department of Health (2004) policy document. In terms of the role of the community nurse and multidisciplinary teams in empowering individuals and populations in reducing health inequalities, as identified by Palacios et al. (2003), nurses play a key role in the management of tuberculosis cases in the community, with nurses being responsible for, amongst other things, identifying patients, evaluating patients prior to treatment starting, managing emergencies, educating patients and other health professionals, and providing coordination, for example overseeing other health workers and communicating between the members of a multidisciplinary team. Not only do the community nurse and the multidisciplinary teams they are involved with have a duty to identify and treat tuberculosis cases, but there is also an implicit obligation (built in to the framework for controlling tuberculosis as outlined by DoH (2004)) that health professionals should also educate individuals at risk as to how to minimize the risk that they would contract tu berculosis. Health inequalities, such as the greater likelihood of contracting tuberculosis if one comes from a poor background, need to be first recognized by health professionals and then treated, through treating the diseases as they manifest themselves, and through education programmes, which would aim to minimize the risks of contracting such diseases. Obviously this is approach does not treat the root causes of the inequalities, which is a political matter. In terms of exploring the nursing and public health frameworks that assist in holistic assessment, planning implementation and the evaluation of care in the community, primary and public health sector, there is a national framework for dealing with tuberculosis which offers guidelines as to how tuberculosis should be managed on the ground as it were (Singh et al., 2002). Tuberculosis care is generally undertaken on an out-patient basis with only emergency (usually previously undiagnosed) cases being dealt with on an in-patient basis (White et al., 2002). There is a system in place that ensures that any patients with suspected tuberculosis are seen by a tuberculosis team as soon as possible, following their first presentation to a health care professional, and that the presence of tuberculosis is noted on the national database and then managed according to national guidelines (i.e., those from the British Thoracic Society) (DoH, 2004). This national database of tuberculosis cases is p art of the Health Protection Agency’s surveillance scheme for tuberculosis, through the Statutory Notification of Infectious Diseases (NOIDs) scheme. The current best practice in terms of managing tuberculosis is the allocation of the patient with tuberculosis to a named case manager, who provides routinely supervised care to ensure that the medication is taken correctly and that the disease is being managed properly (DoH, 2004). In terms of how environmental, epidemiological and demographic data can influence policies and tackle the underlying social determinants of the health of populations. There are many organizations that collect data on various diseases that are present in the UK, and who then relate this data to socioeconomic factors. The Rowntree Foundation is one such organization, for example. Tuberculosis is a pertinent example of how environmental, epidemiological and demographic data can be used to effect changes to the political structures in place. As has been seen, it is known that socioeconomic variables can predict the presence of tuberculosis in the population, with those individuals from poorer areas more likely to suffer from a higher incidence of tuberculosis than those individuals from more affluent areas (Bhatti et al., 1995). The fact that there are still such diseases, with a strong socioeconomic aspect, present in the UK is cause for concern, and as many reports from the Joseph Rowntree Foundation have pointed out (for example, North et al., 2007; Dorling et al., 2007), the UK is facing higher levels of inequality than for four decades, which has major health implications for those living in the poorer sectors of society. These studies have been listened to, as the Government embarks on their social justice programme that aims to provide social equality for all members of society, in terms of health and education, for example. Thus, the use of environmental, epidemiological and demographic data can be responsible for directly influencing policies and tackling the underlying social determinants of the health of populations. If, for example, the poorer sectors of society were lifted out of this poverty, it is likely that ‘diseases of the poor’ such as tuberculosis would decline in frequency i n the UK. In terms of strategies that enable the empowerment of individuals and groups, to make them responsible for their own health, such strategies take many and varied forms, according to the disease under consideration. For tuberculosis, this entails, amongst other things, educating the patients as to why it is important to continue to take their medication even when they ‘feel’ better, to ensure that the disease does not recur and, more importantly, that antibiotic resistance is not developed. Most strategies for patient empowerment are based around patient education, in terms of bringing about changes in their immediate environment, or in their patterns of thinking, that will effect changes to their lifestyle and the ways in which they view their lives and, through this, will effect direct positive changes to their health; patient empowerment is generally a necessity for preventative medicine to be fully effective (Wensing, 2000). Empowering patients through education and t hrough better communication in the media, for example can lead to much higher levels of conformity with healthcare plans and to greater adherence to preventative medicine schedules (Wensing, 2000) which, in a disease like tuberculosis, which is notoriously difficult to treat if medicine schedules are not followed, is crucial to gaining control of the disease. In terms of the key issues emerging from the health and well-being of communities and the impact that these will have on the role of the nurse and the multidisciplinary team, it has been seen that tuberculosis is a disease of the poor, occurring most commonly in poorer areas in inner cities. Firstly, these health professionals have to recognize the socioeconomic aspect of such diseases, and to work within this context. For health professionals working in such situations, it is imperative that these health professionals are aware of all the current guidelines and policy frameworks with regards to such diseases, to ensure that they are aware of the necessity of conforming to these guidelines and frameworks. The impact that this has on the role of the nurse and the multidisciplinary team is to focus the health professionals attention to the diseases that are associated with poverty, and to focus their attention on treating these diseases in the optimum manner, and to empower their patie nts, in an attempt to manage, as effectively as possible, the incidence of such diseases. In conclusion, this essay has looked at the issue of tuberculosis in the UK, finding that whilst there is a policy framework in place aimed at reducing the incidence of tuberculosis, this is not wholly effective. The socioeconomic aspect of tuberculosis was discussed, as were the treatment options, the need for patient empowerment and the ways in which treating tuberculosis impacts health professionals. It is recognized that dealing with the root cause of diseases such as tuberculosis, which are generally known as ‘diseases of the poor’ is a political and not a health, matter, in terms of smoothing the inequalities that lead to the conditions where such diseases develop. References BBC (2006). Sharp rise in tuberculosis cases. 2nd November 2006. Available from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6109228.stm [Accessed on 27th January 2008]. Bhatti, N. et al. (1995). Increasing incidence of tuberculosis in England and Wales: a study of the likely causes. BMJ 310, pp.967-969. DoH (2004). Stopping tuberculosis in England: An Action Plan from the Chief Medical Officer. Department of Health. Dorling, D. et al. (2007). Poverty, wealth and place in Britain, 1968 to 2005. Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Available from http://www.jrf.org.uk/bookshop/eBooks/2019-poverty-wealth-place.pdf [Accessed on 26th January 2008]. HPA (2005). Annual report on tuberculosis cases reported in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Available from http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/pdf/2003_Annual_Report.pdf [Accessed on 26th January 2008]. NICE (2006). Tuberculosis: clinical diagnosis and management of tuberculosis, and measures for its prevention and control. Available from http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG033niceguideline.pdf [Accessed on 26th January 2008]. North, D. et al. (2007). Interventions to tackle the economic needs of deprived areas: analysis of six policy case studies. Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Available from http://www.jrf.org.uk/bookshop/ebooks/2137-devolution-governance-deprivation.pdf [Accessed on 27th January 2008]. Palacios, E. et al. (2003). The role of the nurse in community-based treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 7(4), pp.343-346. Singh, S. et al. (2002). Tuberculosis in primary care. British Journal of General Practice 52, pp.357-358. Wensing, M. (2000). Evidence-based patient empowerment. Quality in Healthcare 9, pp.200-201. White, V. et al. (2002). Management of tuberculosis in a British inner-city population. Journal of Public Health Medicine 24(1), pp.49-52.

neon Essay -- essays research papers

Did you know that neon is a Greek word that means "new"? Neon is the element that I am most interested in. I chose to do neon because I found out what many uses it has in our daily life. Neon is the element that allows you to watch TV. Without neon we would never see the cool flashing signs outside of diners and bars. In my essay I am going to tell you about neon and its many uses. First, I'm going to tell you about the history and uses of neon. Neon was discovered by Sir William Ramsay, a Scottish chemist, and Morris M. Travers, an English chemist, shortly after their discovery of the element krypton in 1898. Neon is one of the most amusing elements used today. Neon mixed with some other elements can make a bright light in an enclosed tube. This is mostly used in advertising signs (figure A) (A blue or green coloration in the discharge can be done by adding a little mercury to the neon in the discharge tube), but when used in a different mixture of molecules it can make the figures on your TV (figure B). Neon is also used in High voltage indicators (figure C) and neon-helium laser pointers (figure D). Now I?m going to give you the chemical breakdown of neon. Neon?s atomic number is #10. Neon has 10 protons, 10 neutrons, and 10 electrons. It belongs to the Noble Gas section of the periodic table. Its atomic mass is 20.1797. All the noble gases have the maximum number of electrons possible in their outer shell making them stable and un...

Research or Term :: essays papers

Research or Term PROCEDURE FOR WRITING A TERM PAPER A term (or research)paper is primarily a record of intelligent reading in several sources on a particular subject. The task of writing such is not as formidable as it seems if it is thought out in advance as a definite procedure with systematic perpetration. CHOOSING A SUBJECT Most good papers are built around questions. You can find subjects in any textbook. Simply take some part of the text that interest you and examine it carefully. Ask yourself the following things about it to see if you can locate a question to answer in your paper. Does it tell you all you might wish to learn about the subject? Are you sure it is accurate? Does the author make any assumptions that need examining? Can two of the more interesting sections in the text be shown to be interrelated in some useful way? Your paper is an attempt to write a well-organized answer to whatever question you decide upon, using facts for the purpose of proving (or at least supporting) your contention. The most common error made by students in choosing a subject for a term paper is to choose one that is too general. (The most specific subject will always have enough aspects to furnish a long paper, if you think about it for a while.) FINDING SOURCES OF MATERIALS A. Limitations. Tradition suggests that you limit your sources to those available on the campus and to those materials which are not more than 20 years old, unless the nature of the paper is such that you are examining older writings from a historical point of view. B. Guides to sources. 1) Begin by making a list of subject-headings under which you might expect the subject to be listed. 2) Start a card file using the following forms. a) Book and magazine article: * i. Subject * ii. Author * iii. Title * iv. Facts of publication * v. Library call number b) News story: * i. Subject * ii. Facts of publication * iii. Headline c) Periodicals: * i. Author * ii. Title * iii. Name of periodical * iv. Volume and page number * v. Month and year. Sort these cards into (a) books and (b) each volume of periodicals. Then look up call numbers other periodicals and sort out those for each branch library. This sorting save library time. C. Consult the card catalog in the library to locate books - record author, title, publisher, date of publication and call number.

Case Study on Frank Drake Business Planning

Business planning Case study This case study has three separate sections to it. The case material is given below, and then there is: †¢ A worksheet based on the case study (including the development of a full business plan) †¢ An interactive quiz Taktical. com Frank Drake is a software engineer with a major multinational firm and a highly experienced programmer. He is also a keen racing sailor, and for many years in his spare time he has been developing a piece of software to help racing sailors plan their tactics for a race.The software enables you to input a wide range of variables, including the weather, the tide, the nature of the course, the boat characteristics and information about the competition. From this you can then develop a strategy for the race. After the race you can input your decisions and test them against what the software considered the optimum strategy. Frank has used it widely and found it very effective and he has also given copies of it to sailing f riends for them to test.They have frequently commented that he should sell it, and he has finally decided to leave his job and set up a company to sell and market the product. He has decided that the most effective way to distribute it would be through the internet and so he is planning to set up a sales and promotion web site called taktical. com. The software itself will be available through a CD. To make the software more marketable he will need to employ some other programmers and designers.He is planning to work from home initially and he estimates his initial set-up costs to be as follows: †¢ Software costs – ? 4,000 †¢ E-commerce set-up and hosting – ? 1,250 †¢ Design costs – ? 950 He has allocated ? 3,600 for his marketing budget, though he has not yet decided the most appropriate marketing methods to use. He has investigated carefully to see what other similar products are available and believes he has found a niche in the market, though there are some other sailing simulation packages, but these are mostly game-style ones and not targeted at serious sailors.He feels that this is a premium product targeted at a small niche and so he is able to set a relatively high price. He has discussed this with sailing friends and it is clear that price is not very important in their decision about whether to buy the product. He is planning therefore to charge ? 65 for each CD produced. He expects the variable costs of each unit to be: †¢ ? 2. 50 per CD produced †¢ ? 5. 25 for each manual produced †¢ ? 2. 25 postage/distribution costHe will be starting to sell the product at the start of March 2004 and expects sales for the first year to be:    |Mar |Apr |May |Jun |July |Aug |Sept |Oct |Nov |Dec |Jan |Feb | |Sales |15 |20 |25 |45 |40 |35 |25 |10 |10 |45 |15 |25 | |He is going to approach the bank to try to raise ? 10,000 start-up funding, but needs some help developing his business plan. Why not have a go at the worksheet or the quiz associated with this case study. Business planning Case study – Worksheet Before starting this worksheet, make sure you have thoroughly read the case material.

Oceanic Domain Awareness An Imperative Environmental Sciences Essay

Modern naval scheme is basically based on assorted agencies to turn up possible enemy forces across the oceans, a job complicated by the enormousness of the maritime environment, the immense figure of legitimate users, and the broad assortment of agencies by which an enemy can work the oceans to his advantage. The oceans are complex mediums whose nature provides ample chance for an enemy to avoid detection-weather, sea provinces, and coastal land masses all present considerable challenges to modern detectors. Peacetime economic usage of the seas complicates this job tremendously. The oceans are the universe ‘s foremost ( and arguably most unregulated ) main road, place to a huge and broad assortment of international impersonal transportation that possess no evident menace. Determining the enemy in such a crowded and complex environment is hard during conventional war, during an asymmetric struggle such as the planetary war on panic ( GWOT ) , it is a formidable undertaking. It is the asymmetric nature of GWOT that forms the nucleus of Maritime Domain Awareness ( MDA ) . In conventional naval war the enemy is comparatively good defined and about universally a battler. In GWOT, where literally any vas could be a possible enemy or arm bearer, or when any nautical event can hold an impact on the security of India, demands a much higher degree of consciousness than that usually required in a conventional naval struggle. This is recognised by the formal definition of MDA as articulated by the US authorities vide their document National Security Presidential Directive 41, 2004: – Maritime Domain Awareness is â€Å" the effectual apprehension of anything associated with the planetary maritime environment that could impact the security, safety, economic system or environment of U.S. This is accomplished through the integrating of intelligence, surveillance, observation, and pilotage systems into one common runing image ( COP ) that is accessible throughout the U.S. Government. Unlike traditional naval operations, it is evident that the end of MDA is far more than merely looking for possible maritime enemies poised to assail India. The deductions of â€Å" Anything associated † with the maritime environment that can impact the security, safety, economic system or environment go far beyond a authoritative maritime menace. As per the US reading, these include smuggling of people or unsafe ladings, buccaneering, proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction ( WMD ) , designation and protection of critical maritime substructure, oil spills, conditions, and environmental concerns among other events. Nautical events that could potentially impact India are non the lone wide-ranging component of MDA it is besides indispensable that menaces be identified as early and far from the seashore as possible. The planetary nature of MDA activities happening overseas and in foreign ports is really much a portion of MDA. For illustration, if a lading is loaded in Aden and its ultimate finish is India ( via several other international ports ) , the burden, conveyance, security, and all affairs associated with that container would be portion of MDA. MDA must hence be exercised over all oceans worldwide, and potentially cover all nautical involvements that finally impact India. Puting in topographic point an effectual MDA is a powerful undertaking sing the scope of possible security challenges and tremendous geographic country represented by the maritime sphere. In India a overplus of bureaus possessing a broad scope of operational and intelligence capablenesss would necessitate information merg er under the over-arching MDA. Although many factors are considered in MDA, its nucleus procedure is finally the monitoring of vass and the vass ‘ lading, crews, and riders to quickly bring forth geo-locating information on vass of involvement. This is an analytical procedure that includes trailing, informations base hunts for unknown linkages and anomaly sensing. Cardinal to this is the sensing, monitoring, tracking of vass. This tracking procedure is comprised of five elements designed to concentrate on a narrow country of tactical dimension where menaces can be identified and isolated viz. ; Maritime surveillance, Detection, Tracking, Classification & A ; Identification and aiming. Targeting involves construing sensing and designation information fused with intelligence to screen vessel purposes and determine hazard. MDA ‘s nucleus is using the vas tracking procedure to a superimposed defense mechanism theoretical account centred on the coastline of India, the ultimate end of which is to observe possible menaces early and as far off from the Indian coastline as possible. As there is no individual high value unit to protect MDA â€Å" beds † are expanded to include an full coastline with the overall end of co-ordinated surveillance. Not all countries in these â€Å" beds † are considered every bit, but instead extra attending is given to countries that are possible marks for the terrorist/enemy. The US has the 2000nm bound of the Maritime sensing and Identification zone MDIZ it is based on the legislated 96 hr presentment demand for foreign vass come ining U.S. ports. A vas going 20kts will get at its finish in approximately 96 hours. MDIZ ‘s purpose is to garner more timely information on the vas as it approaches closer to the U.S. seashore. When come ining the MDIZ, places every four hours are the norm while in territorial Waterss the end is to obtain positional informations every 3 proceedingss. There are many systems that could supply a high grade of surveillance and tracking informations, but the existent merger of this information remains a job country. In order to deduce a comprehensive MDA image, information demands to be fused, correlated, and analysed and for it to be relevant to national security it must be designed to run cohesively at tactical, regional and strategic degrees. Strategic MDA On the national degree, nautical scheme is critical for long term planning, operational penetration, and supplying national determination shapers with support to set up precedences, determine schemes of mutualist administrations, allocate national resources, and determine degree of overall maritime menace This is a hard procedure during normal peacetime operations and is peculiarly ambitious in the invariably altering asymmetric maritime environment that MDA is designed to turn to. MDA ‘s ultimate end is to obtain a sense of planetary consciousness that reaches beyond the confines of the tactical and regional degrees. If MDA was merely a defensive scheme against a known military or terrorist menace, it could be obtained by organizing defensive beds around India. But as an informational/awareness system, its ends are far broader, seeking to understand all possible maritime menaces to India, many of which could arise overseas in an unoffending mode. Strategic MDA requires a wide position and capablenesss at the highest degrees of analysis, intelligence, and policy. It requires the realignment of bureaucratism and the re-tasking of national assets toward the overall end of planetary consciousness. A Centre for strategic MDA must hold experience in multi-organisation operations and processs that can exceed the spread between the armed forces, jurisprudence enforcement, and regulative bureaus that are portion of MDA. In the maritime sphere, this is possible through enlargement of bing substructure, specifically developing such a fusion/analysis point. Two countries of detector engineerings that have peculiar pertinence to strategic MDA are a orbiter based feeling capableness and a net work of submerged surveillance detectors.Structure of the Indian MDAThe 26 Nov 2008 onslaught on Mumbai has been analysed and security spreads addressed to explicate the MDA. The cardinal rule for the MDA has been the application of informations blending to acquire actionable int elligence inputs to mensurate, comparison and place and prosecute and forestall sea-borne condemnable activities. The figure of different bureaus at cardinal and province degree involved is 13, and hence effectual coordination is an issue. Some of the enterprises include: – – Launch of GSAT7 orbiter in geosynchronous orbit by lSRO, with Rukmani terminuss ( ex Israel ) placed on Major war vessels for instantaneous informations transportation to run into the demands of the Navy. ISRO is besides likely to set in topographic point by 2013 the Indian Regional Navigation Seven Satellite System ( IRNSS ) which would supply informations within 1000 stat mis of India. – Puting up of The National Command Control Communication and Intelligence web ( NC3IN ) . – The puting up of a radio detection and ranging concatenation ( X band AIS receiving system VHF and Electro-Optics ) of 46 detector Stationss being linked with the AIS inputs ( Covering the full Indian seashore ) , and LRIT and Vessel Traffic Management Systems. Coastal secret plans are maintained by the ICG Regional HQs to back up the Joint Operations Centres ( JOCs ) set up following to naval nautical operations suites ( MORS ) in all naval bids and at New Delhi. – Puting up of Multi Agency Centres ( MAC ) for intelligence inputs and studies. – Registration of fishing vass by provinces, and proviso of battery operated Distress Action Terminals ( DATs ) for vass below 300 dozenss. DG Shipping would supply smaller fishing boats with AIS transponders which has enforced ISPS codification for Port security with port security programs. Supplying Biometric /recognition individuality cards for fishermen which can be identified on a machine on board surveillance platforms. – Puting up of a Marine Police force with 73 Coastal constabulary Stationss across 9 provinces and provided with 5 and 10 ton trade which can police inshore Waterss. – A uninterrupted outline of record of transporting with World Customs Organisation has been enforced and MARSEC security degrees are exercised and coastal villagers educated on demand to be argus-eyed by the IN and ICG. – The Indian Navy has instituted Marine Commandos Rapid Reaction Forces and a Sagar Prahari Bal ( SPB ) of 100 mariners who are being equipped with 80 fast interceptor trade ( FICs ) for protection of naval bases, VAs and VPs. UAVs and Aerostats are besides planned for initiation. – Coordinated coastal and seaward plus patrolling has been strengthened by the IN and the ICG. – All stairss for MDA are networked with the Indian Navy ‘s fleet of ships, pigboats and MR aircraft. The Government of India has put in topographic point a formidable program for MDA, and the single systems are being setup prior to concluding integrating and fusing of informations. It is expected that the MDA would be to the full functional by 2015. However, in close hereafter it can be presumed that Indian Navy would draw a bead on to get formidable sea denial and sea control capablenesss. It is opined that the footings Sea watch/denial/ control are likely to spread out and transform in to ‘Oceanic infinite watch/ denial/control ‘ . The term Oceanic infinite denial/control would encompass a cylindrical infinite in 3D+ dimensions ; that is the sea surface, the atmospheric volume above, the outer infinite at least up to low Earth revolving satellite highs, the H2O volume up to the sea bed, the sea bed itself and besides security of the deep sea mining assets in the EEZ. ( Opinion of the writer ) . The above premiss implies that a broader pelagic skyline is in fact inclusive of non merely extended and broader spacial operating sphere, but besides much wider and broader raid in to the verticals below the surface to the sea bed and above up to fringe of the ambiance. Unless deductions of this nature are anticipated and factored in, technological prognosiss themselves would drag behind the rapid progressing gait of engineering and the synergisms being achieved due to harmonization and version inter and intra scientific Fieldss. Therefore it is imperative that holistic positions into the information consciousness sphere include the pelagic sphere consciousness every bit good as it ‘s connect with India ‘s security and MDA. Oceanic Domain Awareness Scientific survey of the oceans originated in U.S. basically as a map of national security. Probes that focused on the tactical and operational impacts of the fluid, geophysical, chemical and biological Marine environment upon U.S. Navy operations successfully addressed many disputing naval demands ; but oceanographic enquiry in support of naval demands besides triggered unexpected consequences. In many cases the cognition of the oceans that was acquired through directed surveies – and through complementary lines of enquiry that were enabled by tools developed for naval oceanographic research – farther wedged national security in ways that were non anticipated and which transcended tactical and operational significance and could be considered of more strategic effect. The primary drift to the rapid development of oceanology during its twentieth century yearss as a scientific discipline is without a uncertainty the pigboat and the cardinal alterations that occurred when naval warfare became genuinely 3-dimensional. Prosecuting pigboats was executable chiefly through the transmittal of submerged sound, actively by echo sounder to echo-locate marks and passively by listening hydrophones and triangulation. The range of oceanographic attempts in the chase of the pigboat opened all of the oceanographic subjects ( physical, chemical, biological, and geological oceanology ) to increased investing, research attempt and – significantly – to integrating. Twentieth-century oceanology was basically a security-based enterprise to cut down the opacity of the oceans to antisubmarine warfare in WWI, WWII and the Cold War, and harness that opacity for violative pigboat operations, along with a host of other security based naval concerns. In the ocean scientific disciplines, new engineering necessarily leads to new finds and to cardinal progresss in basic cognition. In the old ages following World War II, the first global-scale function and sampling of the seafloor by oceanographic research vass led straight to the find of seafloor spreading and the development of the theory of home base tectonics which has since revolutionised thoughts of Earth construction and development. A decennary subsequently, the first geographic expedition of mid-ocean ridges utilizing deep-towed vehicles and manned submersibles resulted in the singular find of deep-sea hydrothermal blowhole communities with antecedently unknown signifiers of life and a huge, still mostly undiscovered microbial biosphere below the seafloor. Over the past two decennaries, ocean physicists, chemists, life scientists, and geologists have used a assortment of tools, from instrumented buoys to deep-sea boring, to redefine their apprehension of the ocean ‘s f unction in commanding conditions and longer-term clime alteration. The ocean scientific disciplines are now on the threshold of another major technological progress as the scientific community begins to set up a planetary, long-run presence in the oceans in order to understand the temporal variableness of ocean systems on clip graduated tables runing from seconds to decennaries or longer. This chance arises from the meeting of a figure of emerging new technological capablenesss, including: – – Telecommunication engineering ( e.g. , orbiters, fiber-optic pigboat overseas telegrams ) that makes possible real-time telemetry of huge measures of informations to shore every bit good as real-time synergistic control of instruments in even the most distant parts of the deep sea ; – Telecommunication overseas telegrams that enable important degrees of power to run instruments from the sea surface to the deep seafloor ; – New detectors that make possible in situ measurings of physical, chemical, and biological procedures ; – Computational and patterning capablenesss to construct more realistic, multidisciplinary, and prognostic theoretical accounts of ocean phenomena ; – Data archival systems that can hive away, pull strings, and recover immense volumes of informations from arrays of detectors ; and – Computer webs that can convey real-time informations to the desktop, which could potentially immensely increase engagement of research workers, pupils, pedagogues and the general populace in ocean research and find. An illustration of a double usage observatory is the Sound Surveillance System ( SOSUS ) , a classified system developed by the U.S. Navy in the late fiftiess to observe, path, and sort Russian pigboats utilizing arrays of submerged hydrophones. SOSUS is a web of acoustic arrays in which hydrophones are connected to a shore station by a pigboat overseas telegram. Research workers with security clearances have used the system for productive surveies of mid-ocean ridge volcanic-hydrothermal systems, marine mammals, and acoustic thermometry. SOSUS has besides provided the research community with technology know-how that will be relevant to any cabled web of ocean observatories. One lesson from the U.S. Navy ‘s SOSUS type of arrays is that the acquisition and public distribution of acoustic and other geophysical informations in some parts along a state ‘s coastline poses a important national security hazard. Technologies ( e.g. , robust detectors and substructure, independent vehicles ) must be developed to heighten informations aggregation in all conditions conditions to back up high-spatial declaration and near-real-time prediction throughout the Open Ocean and coastal zone. Supplying accurate and comprehensive environmental information will necessitate spread outing experimental webs to supervise, record, and present real-time, surface-monitoring informations ( e.g. , high-frequency, coastal-based radio detection and rangings ) . This enlargement will necessitate progressing detector and engineering development, peculiarly for independent and relentless observations, every bit good as for long-run detecting systems ; spread outing real-time or near-real-time informations aggregation on environmental variables by integrating experimental capablenesss of ships of chance ( e.g. , fishing, lading, and rider vass ) ; and heightening automated and independent bottom-mapping capablenesss for alteration sensing to better rapid, all-out study programming. Datas collected by the detecting systems must be accessible through a comprehensive national information web, either through a individual system or a distributed web. Developing this information web will necessitate new methodological analysiss that address spreads in informations aggregation, sharing, and interoperability of engineerings, and should allow integrating of bing research into operational systems ( e.g. , systems supplying real-time pilotage informations to vass ) . This information web should be able to associate with other databases, such as those concentrating on ecosystem informations, and developed in conformity with international criterions for informations exchange. The national information web will besides supply the informations needed for theoretical accounts imitating multiple scenarios to better understand possible impacts, conditions events or semisynthetic breaks on Marine operations, and to back up operations Restoration programs. The seashore and unfastened ocean are critical spheres for the security of a state with sea as boundaries, both at place and abroad. National-security operations in the ocean take topographic point globally and frequently require uninterrupted, near-real-time monitoring of environmental conditions utilizing tools such as independent detectors, targeted observations, and adaptative modeling. These capablenesss, combined with improved apprehension of the ocean environment enabled by other ocean scientific discipline research activities, will back up accurate ocean-state appraisals and let hereafter forces to carry on joint and combined operations in near shore and deep-ocean operating environments, anyplace and at anytime. In position of the treatment above it has been brought out that the MDA needs to be integrated within pelagic sphere consciousness for completeness of maritime cognition, the deficiency of which can take to serious effects as has been brought out in a recent appraisal of naval exercisings and arm fires in the US, where it was found that over 90 % of them were affected adversely due to amiss assessed or small known environmental factors. In an existent struggle, these would hold led to mission failures. This lone under-pins the fact that Oceanic Domain Awareness is an enabler for the hereafter and an jussive mood for a state like India.